گردشگری علمی بانک مقالا ت رایگان توریسم ومیراث فرهنگی .جاذبه های گردشگری و تاریخ ایران وجهان و...
https://www.magiran.com/author/%d8%b3%db%8c%d8%af%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ac%d8%b9%d9%81%d8%b1%20%d9%85%db%8c%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%84%db%8c%d9%84%db%8c
'Cultural tourism' (or culture tourism) is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those peoples, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life. Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It can also include tourism in rural areas showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities (i.e. festivals, rituals), and their values and lifestyle. It is generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially more than standard tourists do. This form of tourism is also becoming generally more popular throughout the world, and a recent OECD report has highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional development in different world regions.
In this fast pace modern Internet world, companies are fighting with Internet marketing weapons to appear first, and in the process, can quite often tarnish their own reputation. MKG Hospitality’s Michael Komodromou looks at the importance of proper Internet marketing in travel and tourism, changes over the last year and what should be the next major trends within the industry.
في الوقت الذي يجري الحديث فيه عن تحول العاصمة البريطانية لندن من أغلى عواصم أوروبا السياحية خلال السنوات القلية الماضية، إلى أرخصها بسبب رخص أسعار صرف الجنيه الاسترليني أمام اليورو الأوروبي، ركز الكثير من وسائل الإعلام والأخبار السياحية أخيراً على إيطاليا ومدنها كإحدى المناطق السياحية الرئيسية التي يصعب تجاهلها ولا بد من زيارتها ولأسباب عدة. فإيطاليا من أهم الدول السياحية في أوروبا والعالم ومن أغناها من ناحية المواقع المهمة، وهي تقدم نوعية سياحية ممتازة رغم غلاء أسعارها مقارنة ببعض الدول الأوروبية الأخرى.
Every nation has a reputation of some kind. Englishmen are said to be rather cold and reserved, Spanish are hot and passionate. Russians are famous for their hospitality, “open heart” and “golden hands”.
Besides these traits of character our country is famous for Russian traditional specific crafts. The names of Gzel , Khohloma, matreshkas and samovars bring up an association with Russia, because they are considered to be the national symbols that are known all over the world.
Russia has given to the world beautiful names of Puskin, Lermontov, Chaikovsky, Repin and other outstanding personalities
Two key issues that face the UK in 2010 are maintaining
employment and generating sustainable economic growth.
It is therefore crucial that the new Government identifies and
encourages industries that are able to address these issues.
Tourism offers unparalleled potential to generate growth.
Tourism is something we do very well in the UK. In fact
The world has changed dramatically over the past 10 years, but some of the issues that faced the tourism industry in the early 1990's are still here today. The environment in which the industry operates requires tourism stakeholders to fundamentally shift their strategic approach not only to resolve long-standing issues but more importantly to effectively address current challenges and capitalize on new opportunities
China is situated in eastern Asia, on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. It has a total area of 9.6 million km². China's territory stretches about 5,000 km from east to west, or a total of 60 degrees of longitude. From north to south, the distance is about 5,500 km, or about 50 degrees of latitude. China's land boundary is 22,800 km long, including a coastline of 18,000 km. In China's vast sea territory, there are 6,536 islands and island groups. Hainan Island has an area of 34,380 km²
Beijing is located in the North and is China's capital and its most modern city. This bustling city is home to over 10 million people, while remaining steeped in China's rich, royal past. China's two final dynasties (1368-1911) and 26 emperors have bestowed Beijing with the richest dynastic heritage in the world.
The Great Wall of China
As you first look upon the Great Wall, it is impossible not to be awestruck at this man-made structure. Construction started in the 7th century BC, with additions and rebuilding continuing until the 16th century AD. The Great Wall was built to keep out the warring invaders of the north, but additional sections were extended eastward for nearly 6,700 kilometres. The Badaling section is the most well preserved section of the Wall. You can climb to its top and walk for a mile in either direction: the Great Wall snakes ahead though the mountains as far as you can see.
The Forbidden City (the Palace Museum)
In the heart of the capital lies the Forbidden City, built during the Ming dynasty in 1406. The Forbidden City is actually a city-within-a-city; with 9999 rooms spread over 250 acres. During the Ming and Qing dynasty, 24 emperors made their home in the Forbidden City and forbade commoners from entering. The Emperor's Palace has been transformed into a museum that holds many treasures of the Imperial Family
Cultural tourism is referred to the kind of tourism, which is concerned with the culture of a specific region or country, particularly in the arts. It basically focuses on the traditional communities that have diverse customs as well as the forms of art and the distinct social practices that distinguish a certain culture from the others
You can understand the confusion. Similar name, different medical specialty. Chances are you have heard these terms before, largely due to the prominence of low-cost, affordable international travel. But what exactly are medical travel and travel medicine?
. ea is the second most popular beverage in the world (the most popular is water). It is made steeping processed leaves, buds or twigs of the tea bush Camellia sinensis in hot water for a few minutes. The processing can include oxidation (fermentation), heating, drying and the addition of other herbs, flowers, spices and fruits. There are four types of true tea: black tea, oolong tea, green tea, and white tea. Tea is a natural source of caffeine, theophylline, and antioxidants, although it has almost no fat, carbohydrates, or protein. It has a cooling, slightly bitter and astringent taste. Iced Tea has been popular in North America since the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.
Tourism is one of the most exciting and progressive industries in Australia. Tourism is also big business. Tourism impacts on almost every industry. The total real output, including direct and indirect expenditure, was worth $73 billion in 2003/04.
Tourism is now one of the largest industries in Australia accounting for 536,600 jobs. The tourism industry has a larger output than
If you have been wondering which is the largest lake in the world, you will find the answer on this page. If you are a lake lover like me, you'll enjoy reading this article. Read and know some interesting facts about the largest lake in the world!
So, I think I have sufficiently answered your query about the largest lake in the world! Just thinking of such gargantuan amounts of fresh water, makes me thirsty! Hope you enjoyed reading this article about the greatest lakes in the world, as much as I enjoyed writing it!
By Omkar Phatak |
Wondering where to go this winter and what are the best winter holiday destinations? Read on for some exciting winter destinations in California.
The Association of Tourism Teachers and Trainers (ATTT) is committed to enhance the body of knowledge in tourism and to provide tools for tourism educators, trainers and professionals. ATTT also aims to extend links and partnership between education and training interests and employers in all sectors in the industry. We are therefore particularly proud to present the ATTT Tourism Bibliography to all members of the Tourism Society and the academic community in general. In order to develop the list we were fortunate to collaborate with Jacqui Gadd of Marylebone Books, who have agreed to compile a list with the latest books and reports in tourism and hospitality. Marylebone Books have also agreed to stock most of these books for consultation by members of the Tourism Society, to provide assistance on literature search and to update the list at regular intervals. Often second hand books are offered at discounted rates. Books are also provide on a mail order basis.
A supplement to this list that includes an additional 300 tourism books is maintained by Alastair Morrison and can be found here. Alastair also maintains a comprehensive list of tourism and hospitality journals which can be found here.
I hope that you will enjoy the bibliography and that you will find it beneficial. I also hope for your active participation and support to the ATTT activities and initiatives.
Dr Dimitrios Buhalis
ATTT Chair, London, 1998
|
|
| M. Abdul Latif Mondal September 27 is observed as World Tourism Day. "Tourism enriches" has been selected as the theme of the WTD 2006 by the World Tourism Organization (WTO).The theme has been chosen to launch an awareness campaign stressing the importance of tourism as a powerful economic and cultural instrument which enriches individuals, families, and communities throughout the world.
According to WTO, the aims of the "tourism enriches" campaign are:
Economic enrichment
The advantage of tourism as an export industry is that it earns foreign exchange, which is so vital for development, without encountering the multitude of problems that other export industries experience.
WTO sources reveal that tourism is one of the top five export categories for as many as 83 percent of the countries, and is the main source of foreign exchange earnings for at least 38 percent of the countries.
In the Maldives, in 2003, foreign exchange earnings from tourism accounted for over 90 percent of the services receipts of the balance of payments. Foreign exchange earnings from tourism in India have shown phenomenal growth, achieving an increase of 35 percent in 2004, and 20 percent in 2005 over the previous year, taking India's foreign exchange earnings from $3. 5 billion in 2003 to $5.7 billion in 2005.
In 2000, foreign exchange earnings from tourism in Tanzania represented around 40 percent of the country's total earnings from the export of goods and services. The Malaysian tourism industry is one of the major foreign exchange earners, second only to its manufacturing industry. More such instances may be cited.
Tourism is an important job factor, employing millions of people around the world. For example, tourism generates about 19 million direct and above 25 million indirect jobs in India. In 2004, nearly 3 million persons were employed, directly or indirectly, by the tourism industry in Thailand. In Gambia, 30 percent of the workforce depends directly or indirectly on tourism.
WTO sources suggest that tourism supports some 7 percent of the world's workers. What is important to note is that there is a greater uptake of jobs by women than in any other sector. The percentage of female employment in tourism industry varies enormously country-wise, ranging from over 60 percent in Bolivia to fewer than 10 percent in some countries.
Rural opportunities
Tourists are often attracted to remote areas because of their high cultural, wildlife, and landscape values. Tourists, local or international, prefer economy accommodation, with security and satisfactory hygienic conditions, at the tourist spots. In a well established developing country destination like Gambia an increasing number of tourists stay in locally owned accommodation. In Thailand, the government and the NGOs have undertaken projects aimed at community involvement in tourism through "home stays" as a tool for equitable income distribution and poverty alleviation. Zambian tourism is primarily rural based, therefore, its growth has a great impact on the development of the rural areas in that country.
Travel and tourism stimulate enormous investments in new infrastructure, most of which helps to improve the living conditions of local residents as well as tourists. Infrastructural improvements such as roads, electricity, telephone, public transport networks, better water and sewerage systems, waste disposal etcetera can improve the quality of life for residents as well as facilitate tourism.
The tourism industry provides governments with a huge amount of tax revenue each year, which adds to the national GDP. According to World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), contribution from tourism to GDP in Thailand will increase from 11.7 percent in 2005 to 12.6 percent in 2014. In 2004, earnings from the Malaysian travel and tourism industry contributed 14.7 percent to the national GDP. In Tanzania, earnings from tourism contributed 9 percent to the national GDP in 1999 compared with only 1. 5 percent in 1990. The WTTC estimates that travel and tourism's direct, indirect, and personal tax contribution worldwide was over $ 800 billion in 1998 -- a figure it expects to double by 2010.
Cultural boost Fa-Hien (405-411) and Hiuen-Tsang (629-649), the earliest Chinese travelers to visit the Indian sub-continent during the rule of Chandragupta II and Harshavardhana, respectively, have left us reliable accounts of the politico-socio-economic and religious conditions of the sub-continent during the period of their visits. Marco Polo (1254-1324), a Venetian traveler, journeyed through Asia for 24 years, reached China and became a confidant of the Chinese ruler Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became "the greatest travelogue." More examples may be cited.
Tourism enriches with cultural, environmental and social awareness. Tourism brings peace and cooperation among nations, and builds bridges. While speaking to more than 60 tourism ministers from Muslim countries in Baku, Azerbaijan in the second week of this September, Francesco Frangialli, WTO secretary general, called on world leaders for strengthening tourism links to promote cross cultural understanding, and to use the power of tourism to build new global bridges of understanding between states. Now, let us have a look at the tourism sector in Bangladesh. It does not present a pleasant picture. International tourist arrivals in 2001 stood at 207,199. Available sources suggest that the number stood at 207,662 in the year 2005. This means an addition of only 463 foreign tourists in four years. The meagre foreign exchange earnings due to low arrival of foreign tourists, particularly western tourists, represent one percent of Bangladesh's total export economy. Direct and indirect employment in the tourism sector is slightly over 100,000 and 200,000 respectively, and this is a discouraging figure against the country's total labour force of 75 million or so.
The question that arises is: why is there such a low arrival of foreign tourists in spite of the existence of tourism products such as the world's longest unbroken beach, the world's largest mangrove forest, riverine beauty, third century BC archaeological sites, etc.
The answer to the question may be found in the problems and constraints faced by the country's tourism sector, and these are: (a) Bangladesh's image problem abroad as a tourist destination; (b) lack of knowledge among the planners and policy makers about the fast growing tourism industry in the world, and of its role as an important earner of foreign exchange; (c) discontinuity in the implementation of policies and programs for tourism promotion with the change of governments; (d) insufficient infrastructural facilities such as roads, railway, air and riverine communication, and lack of coordination among the government agencies responsible for their improvement; (f) poor investment from private sector; (g) lack of encouragement to foreign investors to develop tourism in isolated islands such as Saint Martin's, Sonadia, etc (especially for the foreign tourists); (h) lack of appropriate steps for promotion of rural based tourism; (h) lack of skilled and professional manpower; and (i) lack of easy availability of visa for regional and international tourists.
If Bangladesh can solve the above problems and constraints on a priority basis, provide incentives to foreign investors to develop island tourism, and promote rural based tourism, she will shortly become an important destination for regional and international tourists. Tourism will enrich Bangladesh, and the observance of WTD 2006 will be meaningful.
M. Abdul Latif Mondal is a former Secretary to the government and former Chairman, Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation. |
 |
